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Battle of Pharsalus

The battle of Pharlasus was a part of Caesars Civil War against the Senate. On August 9, 48BC the Populares and Optimes forces met in Pharlasus in Central Greece. The Optimes faction was controlled by Pompey and many other Senators, while Caesar controlled the Populares. Caesar was outnumbered more than 2-1 but he still over came and suffered only 1200 casualties compared to the 6000 casualties suffered by the Optimes. After this battle Pompey fled to Egypt where his head was cut off, and the Civil War was almost over as Caesar only had to face Pompey's two sons.

http://video.google.com/videosearch?q=decisive+battles+history+channel&hl=en&emb=0&aq=1&oq=decisive+#

Pyrrhic Victory

A Pyrrhic Victory is a victory that causes devastating loss to the victor. This term is named after King Pyrrhus of Epirus, who suffered many casualties after defeating the Romans at Heraclea in 280 BC and Asculum in 279 BC during the Pyrrhic wars between the Greeks and Romans. In every battle fought with the Romans, the Roman's lost more men but in turn they also had a larger supply of men to draw from. Therefore Pyhrrus lost more men in the long run, and eventually lost the war in the long run. The campaign is described by Dionysius in the following writing:
"The armies separated; and, it is said, Pyrrhus replied to one that gave him joy of his victory that one more such victory would utterly undo him. For he had lost a great part of the forces he brought with him, and almost all his particular friends and principal commanders; there were no others there to make recruits, and he found the confederates in Italy backward. On the other hand, as from a fountain continually flowing out of the city, the Roman camp was quickly and plentifully filled up with fresh men, not at all abating in courage for the loss they sustained, but even from their very anger gaining new force and resolution to go on with the war."
Some modern examples would be the Battle of Bunker (Breed's) Hill during the Revolution in which the Americans killed and wounded hundreds of British soldiers while only losing a few of their own by comparison. Despite all the casualties that the British took, they still took the hill. Another example of a Pyrrhic victory is Napoleon's siege of Moscow. Though he took the city of Moscow, he lost over 1/3 of his army in the venture. This is the ultimate form of a Pyrrhic Victory.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyrric_victory

Mass Grave of Soldiers & Babies Found In Italy

10,000 mass graves have been discovered each containing 15-25 bodies of babies and soldiers who fought against the Carthaginians was found in the ancient Greek Himera in Italy. The burial was uncovered during a recent railway extension. The men of the grave died a violent death, and many still had arrow tips in them. The head historian believes that the remains were from a bloody battle fought there in 480BC described by Herodotus of Halicarnassus. The Greek colony itself served as a trade point for the Phoenician trade routes.

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/12/081217-himera-mass-grave.html?source=rss

Help Build 3-D Rome

Ever since 2005 computer scientists at the University of Washington in Seattle have been wondering if they can put together a bunch of photos of a place, and reconstruct into a 3-D model. The technique would help the video game industry, the tourism industry, the movie industry, and preserve places for a lifetime. So after a while the team created a program that could make such a model, and decided to attempt to make a 3-D model of Rome using over 150,000 flckr photos. They have created models of Dubrovnik, Croatia using 57,845 photos already in 22.5 hours and one model of landmarks in Venice using 250,000 photos in 60 hours. The Rome project is still underway.

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/09/090924-flickr-rome-build-day.html

Philosophers Timeline

Exact Date Pinned to Great Pyramid's Construction?

According to new research by a group of Egyptian scientists the Great Pyramid of Giza's construction began on August 23, 2470AD. The researchers based it off of the appearances of the star Sothis. Every year during the Nile floods, the star Sothis would rise early in the sky after a long absence.This marked the beginning of an inundation period, and all building began at the beginning of the inundation period. The year is marked as so, because this is when King Khufu took power and was supposed to be buried in this tomb. The team believes the Egyptians observed the star from July 17 to 19, and the inundation period began 35 days later—on August 23.

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/09/090921-great-pyramid-giza-date-built.html

Warriors Timeline

Who Were The Anglo Saxons?

The Anglo Saxons were a Germanic tribe that came over from Germany during the beginning of the decline of the Roman Empire. They gradually invaded the island of England during the 5th century and eventually settled most of the island. There they made some of the most beautiful crafts during that period such as objects out of gold and enamel, allowed with other literary work such as Beowolf.Not only have they donated so much culture and other important aspects to the English culture, but there language is a direct descent from the English language. Much of their treasures were stolen through constant raiding by the Vikings, and the Saxons themselves were eventually kicked out by the Norman's King William in the 9th century.

http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jrxpPynTP9X11lpQ63w_J7s0klxQD9ATM94G0

Greek Roid Rage

Anabolic steroids did not just get there start recently in baseball or in the Olympics. They started in Ancient Greece to help pump themselves up for the Olympic Games, as they help cell growth rapidly grow. The practice of using Goats Testicles as s use of hormones for the steroids was quite common throughout many of all Greek Olympians. The practice was forgotten after the fall of Greece, but was rediscovered accidentally by German scientists in 1930.

http://hometestingblog.testcountry.com/?p=3684

Archaelogical Site More Than 3300 Years Old Uncovered

An archeological site in the Udaranchamadama area in Embilipitiya, Sri Lanka has been uncovered and the artifacts inside are 3300 years old, the oldest ever found in Sri Lankan history. Some of the artifacts found were grinding stones, painted pots, granite tools, along with other ancient artifacts. Excavations by professional archaeologists are to be completed in about two weeks. The excavation is expected to have found a whole village.

http://trak.in/news/3300-year-old-archaeological-site-discovered-in-sri-lanka/7246/

Ancient ShipWrecks Found

Five Ancient Roman shipwrecks have been recovered off a small Mediterranean island with all of their cargo, including pots, olive oil, kitchen tools, and unidentified glass objects. The ships were submerged in 330 feet of water and were found by archaeological officials scanning in deeper water to look for deep water finds. The ships apparently sank without capsizing. The find also sheds light on the trade routes of Ancient Rome. The largest wreck measured 65 feet.

http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/special_reports/59765452.html

Maecenas

Gaius Maecenas was born April 13, 70BC and died on October 8BC. He was the quasi-culture minister of Augustus, was born of Etruscan lineage, the grandson of Cicero, and took part in the campaigns of Mutina, Philipi, and Perusia. Maecenas was the biggest contributor to Roman poetry in the world. Virgil introduced Horace, Maecenas best poet, to Maecenas after Virgil himself was impressed with. Maecenas also had a famous Hellenistic-Persian gardens on the Esquilline hill on the Servian Wall. Next to it were libraries and the first hot water baths in Rome. His name has become the byword for a wealthy patron.

Baldwin’s Auction 62 & 63 to Feature Ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine Coins Print This Article

Baldwin's auction has once again selected a nice collection of Ancient Greek, Byzantine and Roman coins to sell in the United Kingdom.The collection includes a rare Greek Medallion, which is pictured above, and was presumed to have been awarded to Emperor Commodus after his African victory. There are a collection of over 400 lots, some of which include some Anglo Saxon coins, rare English ban notes, Christian VIII gold ducat.Overall this exhibit is bound to be one of the best ancient coin auctions this year.
a href="http://www.coinlink.com/News/ancients/baldwin%E2%80%99s-auction-62-63-to-feature-ancient-greek-roman-and-byzantine-coins/"

A Three-Day Battle In 30 Minutes

A reenactment of Hermann's Battle, a.k.a., the Battle of Teutoburg Forest, is taking place in South Central Minnesota. About 100 reenactors are taking part in the 9 A.D. battle between Roman legionaries and Germanic Barbarians. The equipment for roman style equipment is about $2,000 while the German equipment is somewhere in the same range. The reenactment will take part in 12 scenes, and the experience will be enhanced with sound effects of clashing swords and will be projected through KNUJ radio based in the same town as the reenactment, New Ulm. They said that they reenacted this specific battle because it was one of the turning points in the decline of expansion into Germany.

http://www.mankatofreepress.com/local/local_story_262003633.html

Ki Animation Using Structuralism

Proairetic:The title comes on with circles surrounding it along with people coming in and out. A mother gives birth to a baby. The baby is born into a room surrounded by many people, and the people place a key around his neck and him in a cage. The baby crawls down the middle of a street with people walking on both sides, and grows into a child. The child swings in a cage and walks down the street once again. The people go in and out. HE gets married and they go into a room and close the caged door. They are in bed and then it goes to a bumpy road. HE walks down the middle of the road again and he grows into an old man. He sits on a park bench surrounded by a barred fence. He is surrounded by people in his grave and his key is taken away.
Hermeneutic: The squares, circles people standing around at birth and death, the two people coming in and out of the screen.
Semic: The study here perhaps would be the key's knowledge, which it holds about life.
Symbolic: The, again, key perhaps signifies the burden of life that he carries around everywhere that he goes.The circle represents the circle of life. The people going in and out represents people dying and being born.
Reference: In the beginning he has no key and is free and at the end he is dead and is free fro the key. The beginning of life and death are the allusions in this much as like when the grinch went down in the beginning and end of the story.
Diagetic: The direction that he goes into is a downward one, because he starts out great with the beginning of life but ends up with death, which is ultimately a downer.

Carmina 1.1

Maecenas atauis edite regibus,
o et praesidium et dulce decus meum,
sunt quos curriculo puluerem Olympicum
collegisse iuuat metaque feruidis
euitata rotis palmaque nobilis 5
terrarum dominos euehit ad deos;
hunc, si mobilium turba Quiritium
certat tergeminis tollere honoribus;
illum, si proprio condidit horreo
quicquid de Libycis uerritur areis. 10
Gaudentem patrios findere sarculo
agros Attalicis condicionibus
numquam demoueas, ut trabe Cypria
Myrtoum pauidus nauta secet mare.
Luctantem Icariis fluctibus Africum 15
mercator metuens otium et oppidi
laudat rura sui; mox reficit rates
quassas, indocilis pauperiem pati.
Est qui nec ueteris pocula Massici
nec partem solido demere de die 20
spernit, nunc uiridi membra sub arbuto
stratus, nunc ad aquae lene caput sacrae.
Multos castra iuuant et lituo tubae
permixtus sonitus bellaque matribus
detestata. Manet sub Ioue frigido 25
uenator tenerae coniugis inmemor,
seu uisa est catulis cerua fidelibus,
seu rupit teretis Marsus aper plagas.
Me doctarum hederae praemia frontium
dis miscent superis, me gelidum nemus 30
Nympharumque leues cum Satyris chori
secernunt populo, si neque tibias
Euterpe cohibet nec Polyhymnia
Lesboum refugit tendere barbiton.
Quod si me lyricis uatibus inseres, 35
sublimi feriam sidera uertice.

7-10
This, if turmoil vies for the the power
of the sails of the Quirites;
That, if whoever stores and sweeps
away on the floors of Libya.

Another Historic Day on Sept. 11

Approximately 2000 years ago three Roman legions consisting of over 15,000 men formed up in a rainy valley. The Germans, then moved in quickly from both sides of the valley from the woods, and crushed the legions killing an/or enslaving over 15,000 men while only a few escaped. When news would reach Emperor Augustus he would state perhaps one of the most famous quotes from his reign of emperor, "Quintillus Varus, Give me back my legions!" The question that is raised most often, perhaps, is why Varus would even think of marching single file through a wooded valley in hostile German territory. The answer is a little thing called trust. A man named Arminius who had been an administrator to the region for a short time told Varus there was a rebellion in a village nearby and that he would lead Varus' troops there. Arminium also had a dream though of uniting the twelve tribes of Germany. If Varus' had not been defeated all the lands up to the Slavs would be speaking a Romantic language. This very much parallels to a date pretty familiar to this. Just like the Germans who assimilated to the Roman culture far away in Germany, they still had hard feelings against their Roman conquerors. Just because the people from very different who assimilate to our culture, doesn't mean they like us. Perhaps we can learn from this diplomatic mistake and use it to our advantage carefully.

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-kaplan/a-never-ending-battle_b_283138.html

Augustan Age

Caesar's Assassination
Tillius Cimber had come to Caesar in the Senate Chamber to ask for him to repeal the exile on his brother. He then grabbed Caesar's tunic, and along with other Senators stabbed Caesar 23 times and killed him. Afterwards, Brutus went out to the Roman people and proclaimed "We are now free!" Marc Antony the displayed a wax statue of Caesar's stabbed body in the forum and the people quickly became enraged, burning the forum and other neighboring buildings. Five civil wars would soon ensue and the formation of the Roman Empire would begin with the fall of the Roman Republic.


War with the Tyrannicides
On November 26 43 BC the Second Triumvirate was formed with Octavian, Marc Antony, Marcus Aerulius Lepidus. It was formed to kill Caesar's assassins, to secure the empire. The battle of Phillipi in Macedonia followed in 42 BC between Octavian and Marc Antony's against Caesar's assassins. Here on the plains of Phillipi, the army of Brutus and Cassi-us was utterly defeated, and the Tyrannicides were vanquished from then on out. Antony controlled the east and Octavian returned to Italy to control Rome.


The War With Antony
While Antony's war in Parthia had turned utterly chaotic, Octavian offered 2,000 legionaries to him to replenish his troops. Antony on the other hand though declined, and turned to Cleopatra for help as she had more troops and was in an affair with him already. Octavian then spread propaganda that Antony was no longer a Roman but more of an Egyptian, and also said that he would step down as triumvirate if Antony would to which Antony declined. All this played in Octavian's favor as the Senate backed him in war against Antony in 32 BC, and gained a major victory in the naval battle of Actium in 31 BC. Antony then returned to Egypt and committed suicide by sword and Cleopatra by snake bite.


Battle of Actium
The Battle of Actium was fought between Octavian's fleet and Cleopatra and Marc Antony's fleet on September 2 31BC. Marcus Agrippa was the naval commander for Octavians fleet backed Antony's fleet back into the Arcanian coast, forcing him to fight. Both of the forces had about the same strength, but Antony's forces were severely weakened from a strong bout of malaria started about a week before the battle. Being surrounded though, Antony's ships did not have much movement room and this along with the failed use of grapples cost them dearly. Antony eventually saw a gap in Agrippas fleet and sped through it leaving his army to fend for itself.


Construction of the Forum of Augustus
The start of the idea of the new forum began with Octavian promising that he would build a new temple to honor the god Mars during the Battle of Philipi in 42BC. When he became emperor in 27 BC he plaaned for the temple to be built in a new forum named after himself. The construction of the new forum began in 20BC, at the same time recovering the standards lost to the Parthians by Crassus. His plans were altered slightly as he ran into the problems of land owners owning the plot of land he wanted to build the forum on. He did not take the land though, but worked around it which in the long run saved him costs and made him look like a valiant man of the people. The forum was constructed around 2BC.


The Campus Martius
The Field of Mars was 490 acres of publicly owned land, and during the Middle Ages was the most populous region of Rome. The land was once owned by the last king of Rome but was taken away during the establishing of the Republic. Pompey built the first stone theatre, the Curia Hostilia, in 52BC which was used for some Senate meetings and was also the place Julius Caesar was murdered. During Augustus reign it was divided into 14 regions. The Baths of Agrippa were built out of the original swampy ground, the Aura Pacis was built to signify peace between the Senate and Augustus, the Pantheon was also built there and later rebuilt by Hadrian, and the Mausoleum of Augustus was built in the unpopulated part of the land for Caesar's future burial ground to help endure his legacy throughout the ages.


Augustus' Death
Augustus adopted Gaius and Lucius Caesar as his two sons to become his apparent heirs, as he could bear none of his own brood. Unfortunately for Augustus though both his adopted sons died along with his brother Drusus. Tiberius in turn was adopted by Augustus and named the heir to the Roman Empire. The only other option was Postumus Agrippa, whom Augustus officially disowned on 7AD. On August 19 14AD Augustus died visiting the place of death of his father. His last words were "Have I played the part well?-Then applaud my exit." He was cremated on a pyre close to his mausoleum and joined the gods in the Pantheon.

Carmina 1.37

Nunc est bibendum, nunc pede libero
pulsanda tellus, nunc Saliaribus
ornare puluinar deorum
tempus erat dapibus, sodales.

Antehac nefas depromere Caecubum 5
cellis auitis, dum Capitolio
regina dementis ruinas
funus et imperio parabat

contaminato cum grege turpium
morbo uirorum, quidlibet impotens 10
sperare fortunaque dulci
ebria. Sed minuit furorem

uix una sospes nauis ab ignibus,
mentemque lymphatam Mareotico
redegit in ueros timores 15
Caesar, ab Italia uolantem

remis adurgens, accipiter uelut
mollis columbas aut leporem citus
uenator in campis niualis
Haemoniae, daret ut catenis 20

fatale monstrum. Quae generosius
perire quaerens nec muliebriter
expauit ensem nec latentis
classe cita reparauit oras,

ausa et iacentem uisere regiam 25
uoltu sereno, fortis et asperas
tractare serpentes, ut atrum
corpore conbiberet uenenum,

deliberata morte ferocior:
saeuis Liburnis scilicet inuidens 30
priuata deduci superbo,
non humilis mulier, triumpho.




Now is the time for drink, now is the time to strike and walk
freely among the earth;Now is the time to be lively and feast
at the chair of the God Salia, and be sociable.

Before this time, to bring Caecubun wine from our ancestor's
cellars was sinful, while the queen brought destruction to Capitoline
Hill and ruined the empire.

History of the Word "Home"

"O.E. ham "dwelling, house, estate, village," from P.Gmc. *khaim- (cf. O.Fris. hem "home, village," O.N. heimr "residence, world," heima "home," Ger. heim "home," Goth. haims "village"), from PIE base *kei- "to lie, settle down" (cf. Gk. kome, Lith. kaimas "village;" O.C.S. semija "domestic servants")."(Dictionary.com)

Different uses throughout history: The word "homing" originated in 1875, the word "homebody" is from 1821, the word "homemade" is from 1659, the word "homeland" is from 1670, the word "homeless" is from 1615, and the word "homespun" is from 1590.

Events During Horace's Life

Important Events During Horace's Lifetime on Dipity.

Horace in the Army & Education

His father was a farmer who saved money for his education where Horace himself later went to Rome for his primary education and later to Athens to study Greek philosophy. After the assassination of Julius Caesar, Horace joined the ranks as a staff officer in Brutus' army. Horace fought in the battle of Phillip, and later wrote that the only reason he lived was because he threw down his shield and sword and ran. He later returned to Italy after amnesty was granted by Augustus, and found his estate confiscated along with his father being dead.